Damascus : The Capital of Jasmine and the Scent of History
Damascus, also known as Al-Sham and The City of Jasmine, has different names but refers to the same place. It is the capital of the Syrian Arab Republic and the center of the Damascus Governorate. It is also the oldest capital city in the world and one of the oldest and most historic cities in history. It gained prominence as the capital of the Umayyad Caliphate, leaving behind notable landmarks like the Umayyad Mosque. The city occupied a significant regional position in arts, literature, and politics, drawing the attention of writers, poets, travelers, and literary texts.
Damascus is the largest population center in Syria and among the top ten largest cities in the Arab world, with a population of nearly 6 million residents including its suburbs.
History of Damascus and Naming:
Various accounts differ in interpreting its name's meaning. Some suggest it has ancient Assyrian origins meaning "lush" or "fertile land." Others believe it was named "Al-Sham" in reference to Shem, son of Noah.
Damascus traces its origins back to around 9,000 years before Christ, as indicated by archaeological discoveries at Tell Ramad. Historians assert that it is the oldest continuously inhabited city and capital of multiple civilizations throughout history. Some historians date its history back to the 7th millennium BC.
After the Islamic conquest, led by commander Khalid ibn al-Walid in 635 AD, Damascus became the center of the Umayyad Caliphate. During this time, the city experienced economic, political, and architectural prosperity. This continued until the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate and the rise of the Abbasid Caliphate, which established Baghdad as its capital. Throughout its history, Damascus was ruled by the Umayyads, Abbasids, Fatimids, Seljuks, Ayyubids, and Ottomans.
During World War I, Damascus served as the military base for the Allies Turkey and Germany until its capture in 1918 by Syrian Revolution forces with English assistance, marking the end of Ottoman Syria.
Damascus was declared the capital of the independent government led by King Faisal I on March 8, 1920, but French forces entered Damascus after the Battle of Maysalun on July 24, 1920. In September, the short-lived State of Damascus was declared within the framework of the French Mandate. In 1922, the capital was moved to Homs, a status that continued until 1925 when Damascus regained its position as the capital.
Damascus played a pivotal role in the 1936 strike and the 1939 protests that led to the entry of Senegalese French troops and the occupation of its squares. During World War II, the Battle of Damascus erupted in 1941, resulting in Allied forces represented by the British army and Free France taking control of the city. Following World War II, the independence uprising began, leading to the bombing of the city. This continued until achieving liberation.
Climate in Damascus:
Damascus has a dry to semi-arid continental climate due to the Eastern Lebanon Mountain Range obstructing Mediterranean influences from reaching the city. Its openness to the east and southeast towards the Syrian desert subjects it to climatic effects from the desert.
Top Tourist Attractions in Damascus:
Umayyad Great Mosque
The Umayyad Great Mosque is one of the most prominent landmarks in Damascus. It holds immense historical and religious significance. The mosque's architecture showcases a blend of different historical periods and cultural influences, representing its long and diverse history.
Azem Palace:
The Azem Palace is an exquisite example of traditional Damascene architecture. It was built during the Ottoman period and served as a residence for the Ottoman governor of Damascus, As'ad Pasha al-Azem. The palace is famous for its intricate decorations, beautiful courtyards, and opulent rooms.
National Museum of Damascus:
The National Museum of Damascus is a treasure trove of artifacts that offer insights into Syria's rich history and cultural heritage. The museum houses a vast collection of artifacts, including ancient sculptures, pottery, jewelry, and manuscripts from various historical periods.
Al-Hamidiyah Souq:
The Al-Hamidiyah Souq is a bustling market located in the heart of the old city. It's a colorful and vibrant market filled with shops selling a variety of goods, including textiles, spices, sweets, and traditional handicrafts. Exploring the souq is a journey through history and culture.
Citadel of Damascus:
The Citadel of Damascus, also known as Qala'at al-Jabal, is a historic fortress that has stood for centuries. It offers panoramic views of the city and is an architectural marvel, showcasing the city's history from various periods. The citadel played a significant role in the city's defense and administration throughout history.
Tomb of Saladin:
The Tomb of Saladin, or Salah ad-Din al-Ayyubi, is a mausoleum that honors the famous military leader and founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. The tomb is located near the Umayyad Mosque and is an important pilgrimage site for Muslims.
Straight Street:
Straight Street is a historic thoroughfare that runs through the heart of the old city. It's mentioned in the Bible and has a rich history dating back to ancient times. Walking along this street gives visitors a sense of the city's past and its role in various historical events.
Maktab Anbar:
Maktab Anbar is a beautifully restored 19th-century mansion that showcases traditional Damascene architecture. It now houses a museum and cultural center, offering insights into the lifestyle and culture of the past.
Mausoleum of Sayyidah Ruqayya:
The Mausoleum of Sayyidah Ruqayya is a revered shrine dedicated to the daughter of Imam Hussein, a prominent figure in Shia Islam. The mausoleum is visited by pilgrims seeking spiritual blessings and paying their respects.
Damascus Opera House:
The Damascus Opera House is a modern cultural institution that hosts various artistic performances, including operas, concerts, and theatrical productions. It contributes to the city's vibrant cultural scene.
These are just a few of the many remarkable attractions that Damascus has to offer. The city's rich history, diverse culture, and captivating landmarks make it a fascinating destination for tourists and history enthusiasts from around the world.